Air traffic control is one of the most critical parts of the global aviation system. Without it, thousands of daily flights would be unfeasible, the risk of collisions would increase exponentially, and the efficiency of air transport would be seriously compromised.
From Viarium We explain how this invisible system that coordinates the world's skies really works, its definition, how it operates, and the professionals who make it possible.
What is air traffic control?
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a set of services that manage and supervise the movement of aircraft in airspace, both on the ground and in flight. Its main objective is to ensure the safety, order, and fluidity of air operations, regardless of whether it is the world's smallest airport or the busiest airports in the world.
These services are provided by specialized agencies that use advanced technologies such as radar, radio communication systems, satellite navigation, and real-time tracking software.
Thanks to these systems, controllers can know where each aircraft is, at what altitude it is flying, its speed, heading, and destination.
How is air traffic controlled?
Air traffic control is organized into different phases corresponding to each stage of the flight:
- Tower control (TWR): In this part, the control tower is responsible for operations on the runway and around the airport (takeoffs, landings, and taxiing).
- Approach control (APP): Manages aircraft in the vicinity of the airport, between 5 and 50 nautical miles. Helps organize traffic entering or leaving the terminal airspace.
- Route or area control (ACC or en route): Coordinates flights that are already at high altitude, crossing different regions or countries. Uses long-range radars and data links.
- Automated control: Increasingly common in high-traffic areas, where digital systems assist or replace routine decisions, improving response times and accuracy.
This entire process is supported by surveillance technologies such as ADS-B, air-ground communication systems, and airspace management platforms such as those developed by companies that integrate AI, data, and real-time automation.
Who controls air traffic?
Air traffic control is carried out by air traffic controllers, highly trained professionals who work in specialized centers. These centers can be:
- Control towers (at airports)
- Approach control centers (APP)
- Route control centers (ACC)
Controllers must make split-second decisions, manage multiple aircraft simultaneously, and maintain constant communication with pilots and other control centers.
Their training is extensive, rigorous, and requires highly developed technical, cognitive, and psychological skills.
In addition, the system is supported by engineers, data analysts, developers, and technicians who maintain the infrastructure and operational platforms.
In this regard, Viarium participates by developing solutions that integrate cutting-edge technologies to anticipate future challenges, such as the new ACC in Torrejón for Enaire.
In summary, air traffic control is a complex and essential system that allows millions of people to fly safely and punctually every day. Its evolution towards smarter, more interconnected, and sustainable models will set the course for aviation in the coming decades.